Table 3 Shifting of Well-Being Score due to COVID-19 by variables of interest
From: Exploring changes in children’s well-being due to COVID-19 restrictions: the Italian EpaS-ISS study
Worsened | Unchanged | Improved | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Responder to the questionnaire | ||||
mother | 54.2% | 42.2% | 3.6% | 0.000 |
father | 39.0% | 56.6% | 4.4% | |
other | 47.4% | 42.1% | 10.5% | |
Gender of the child | ||||
male | 50.5% | 46.0% | 3.5% | 0.005 |
female | 54.8% | 41.2% | 4.0% | |
Parents’ nationality | ||||
both Italians | 55.2% | 41.7% | 3.1% | 0.000 |
at least one foreign parent | 37.6% | 53.9% | 8.5% | |
Family structure | ||||
two parent family | 54.1% | 42.4% | 3.5% | 0.007 |
single-parent family | 47.8% | 47.5% | 4.7% | |
Highest educational level among parents | ||||
low | 35.7% | 57.1% | 7.2% | 0.000 |
medium | 52.9% | 43.0% | 4.1% | |
high | 56.7% | 40.5% | 2.8% | |
Geographic area of the school | ||||
North | 52.1% | 44.6% | 3.3% | 0.006 |
Centre | 56.2% | 40.8% | 3.0% | |
South | 50.5% | 44.5% | 5.0% | |
Dwelling size | ||||
less than 60 square metres | 45.9% | 47.2% | 6.9% | 0.189 |
60–75 square metres | 54.1% | 42.2% | 3.7% | |
76–90 square metres | 51.9% | 44.3% | 3.8% | |
91–105 square metres | 54.4% | 42.9% | 2.7% | |
106–120 square metres | 54.1% | 43.1% | 3.2% | |
121–150 square metres | 55.0% | 42.5% | 2.5% | |
more than 150 square metres | 52.7% | 43.0% | 4.3% | |
Availability of outdoor areas | ||||
yes, large living spaces | 50.5% | 45.6% | 3.9% | 0.000 |
yes, small, unliveable spaces | 62.5% | 35.2% | 2.3% | |
no living space | 48.9% | 44.8% | 6.3% | |
Children under 14 in the home | ||||
one | 51.0% | 44.6% | 4.4% | 0.000 |
two | 56.0% | 40.8% | 3.2% | |
three | 51.6% | 43.9% | 4.5% | |
four and more | 29.4% | 66.4% | 4.2% | |
Months of school closure | ||||
less than three months | 31.8% | 62.0% | 6.2% | 0.000 |
four to six months | 51.6% | 44.4% | 3.9% | |
seven to eleven months | 58.0% | 39.1% | 2.9% | |
twelve months and more | 56.3% | 39.7% | 4.0% | |
Months of stopping sporting activities | ||||
never, or less than one months | 35.6% | 62.7% | 1.7% | 0.000 |
one to three months | 46.8% | 49.5% | 3.7% | |
four to six months | 56.1% | 41.6% | 2.3% | |
seven to eleven months | 59.6% | 38.3% | 2.1% | |
twelve months and more | 64.1% | 33.2% | 2.7% | |
Parents’ financial situation | ||||
worsened | 57.1% | 41.9% | 1.9% | 0.000 |
unchanged | 54.2% | 43.2% | 2.6% | |
improved | 62.2% | 34.5% | 3.3% | |
Parents’ work organization | ||||
Both on-site workers | 55.5% | 41.9% | 2.6% | 0.517 |
at least one off-site-worker | 58.0% | 39.4% | 2.6% | |