Table 2 Subgroup analyses for diagnostic performance of US and chest radiography
Parameters | Factors | Subgroups | US | Chest radiography | US vs. chest radiography | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sensitivity | Country | Eastern | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | 1.03 (1.00-1.07) | 0.083 |
Western | 0.95 (0.91–0.97) | 0.91 (0.90–0.93) | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.019 | ||
Study design | Prospective | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | 0.92 (0.91–0.93) | 1.03 (1.00-1.06) | 0.028 | |
Retrospective | 0.97 (0.93–0.98) | 0.89 (0.83–0.93) | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 0.007 | ||
Age (years) | ≥ 5.0 | 0.98 (0.95–0.99) | 0.92 (0.88–0.94) | 1.07 (1.02–1.11) | 0.001 | |
< 5.0 | 0.94 (0.90–0.96) | 0.92 (0.90–0.93) | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 0.244 | ||
Gold standard | CXR | 0.93 (0.85–0.97) | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.540 | |
Clinical diagnosed | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 0.92 (0.90–0.93) | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 0.002 | ||
Overall | - | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.92 (0.90–0.93) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.018 | |
Specificity | Country | Eastern | 0.76 (0.10–0.99) | 1.00 (0.95-1.00) | 0.76 (0.24–2.40) | 0.644 |
Western | 0.94 (0.84–0.98) | 0.93 (0.91–0.94) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.790 | ||
Study design | Prospective | 0.93 (0.85–0.97) | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 1.000 | |
Retrospective | 0.70 (0.01-1.00) | 0.98 (0.90-1.00) | 0.71 (0.07–7.15) | 0.775 | ||
Age (years) | ≥ 5.0 | 0.94 (0.24-1.00) | 0.96 (0.91–0.98) | 0.98 (0.48-2.00) | 0.954 | |
< 5.0 | 0.92 (0.83–0.96) | 0.93 (0.91–0.94) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 0.776 | ||
Gold standard | CXR | 0.83 (0.55–0.95) | 0.99 (0.97–0.99) | 0.84 (0.64–1.10) | 0.212 | |
Clinical diagnosed | 0.95 (0.84–0.99) | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 0.150 | ||
Overall | - | 0.92 (0.81–0.97) | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.819 | |
PLR | Country | Eastern | 4.05 (0.33–50.33) | 19.70 (4.85–79.94) | 0.21 (0.01–3.65) | 0.281 |
Western | 15.06 (5.82–38.97) | 25.30 (8.07–79.29) | 0.60 (0.13–2.63) | 0.494 | ||
Study design | Prospective | 13.40 (6.28–28.60) | 24.77 (7.98–76.94) | 0.54 (0.14–2.11) | 0.377 | |
Retrospective | 3.22 (0.08-130.92) | 23.08 (5.92–89.99) | 0.14 (0.00-7.19) | 0.327 | ||
Age (years) | ≥ 5.0 | 16.22 (0.41-634.34) | 23.03 (5.84–90.71) | 0.70 (0.01–35.49) | 0.861 | |
< 5.0 | 11.77 (5.39–25.68) | 24.67 (6.15–99.03) | 0.48 (0.10–2.35) | 0.363 | ||
Gold standard | CXR | 5.43 (1.74–16.87) | 29.37 (10.82–79.73) | 0.18 (0.04–0.84) | 0.029 | |
Clinical diagnosed | 20.79 (5.64–76.64) | 19.86 (5.08–77.58) | 1.05 (0.16–6.91) | 0.962 | ||
Overall | - | 12.31 (4.70-32.23) | 24.63 (8.63–70.26) | 0.50 (0.12–2.07) | 0.340 | |
NLR | Country | Eastern | 0.04 (0.01–0.11) | 0.03 (0.00-0.45) | 1.33 (0.08–21.44) | 0.839 |
Western | 0.06 (0.03–0.10) | 0.09 (0.06–0.13) | 0.67 (0.33–1.36) | 0.267 | ||
Study design | Prospective | 0.05 (0.03–0.09) | 0.07 (0.05–0.11) | 0.71 (0.36–1.40) | 0.329 | |
Retrospective | 0.05 (0.01–0.31) | 0.12 (0.04–0.40) | 0.42 (0.05–3.29) | 0.407 | ||
Age (years) | ≥ 5.0 | 0.02 (0.01–0.05) | 0.08 (0.03–0.20) | 0.25 (0.07–0.87) | 0.029 | |
< 5.0 | 0.07 (0.04–0.12) | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | 0.88 (0.43–1.77) | 0.709 | ||
Gold standard | CXR | 0.08 (0.03–0.21) | 0.06 (0.02–0.12) | 1.33 (0.36-5.00) | 0.670 | |
Clinical diagnosed | 0.04 (0.02–0.07) | 0.09 (0.05–0.15) | 0.44 (0.19–1.02) | 0.056 | ||
Overall | - | 0.05 (0.03–0.08) | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | 0.63 (0.32–1.21) | 0.161 | |
DOR | Country | Eastern | 81.92 (11.48-584.54) | 667.85 (63.42-7032.51) | 0.12 (0.01–2.63) | 0.180 |
Western | 117.11 (50.77-270.15) | 456.63 (136.86-1523.53) | 0.26 (0.06–1.11) | 0.069 | ||
Study design | Prospective | 125.88 (60.27–262.90) | 531.40 (155.82-1812.26) | 0.24 (0.06–0.99) | 0.049 | |
Retrospective | 41.35 (1.21-1415.91) | 234.68 (46.36-1187.99) | 0.18 (0.00-8.59) | 0.381 | ||
Age (years) | ≥ 5.0 | 169.74 (12.07-2386.56) | 359.58 (109.34-1182.51) | 0.47 (0.03–8.57) | 0.612 | |
< 5.0 | 96.89 (46.24-203.02) | 497.45 (131.40-1883.28) | 0.19 (0.04–0.89) | 0.035 | ||
Gold standard | CXR | 36.90 (12.49-109.05) | 904.64 (179.00-4572.05) | 0.04 (0.01–0.29) | 0.001 | |
Clinical diagnosed | 212.69 (97.44-464.25) | 344.23 (76.84-1542.09) | 0.62 (0.11–3.35) | 0.577 | ||
Overall | - | 108.53 (51.30-229.61) | 488.54 (160.82-1484.16) | 0.22 (0.06–0.85) | 0.028 | |
AUC | Country | Eastern | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 0.99 (0.97-1.00) | 0.98 (0.96-1.00) | 0.066 |
Western | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.280 | ||
Study design | Prospective | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.166 | |
Retrospective | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 0.99 (0.97-1.00) | 0.98 (0.96-1.00) | 0.066 | ||
Age (years) | ≥ 5.0 | 0.99 (0.97–0.99) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.803 | |
< 5.0 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.006 | ||
Gold standard | CXR | 0.96 (0.93–0.97) | 0.99 (0.99-1.00) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.004 | |
Clinical diagnosed | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.98 (0.96-1.00) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.000 | ||
Overall | - | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.280 |