From: Pediatric torticollis: clinical report and predictors of urgency of 1409 cases
No. (%) | |
---|---|
Postural | 607 (43.1) |
Traumatic - Head/cervical trauma - C1-C2 subluxation - Fracture - Abnormal movement - C1-C2 subluxation | 415 (29.5) 260 (62.7) 17 (6.5) 5 (1.9) 155 (37.3) 12 (7.7) |
Infective/inflammatory - Pharyngo-tonsillitis - Cervical lymphadenitis - Otitis media - Post–tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy - Retropharyngeal abscess - Griesel syndrome - Kawasaki disease | 269 (19.1) 129 (48.0) 71 (26.4) 35 (13.0) 16 (5.9) 9 (3.3) 8 (3.0) 1 (0.4) |
Neurologic - Benign paroxysmal torticollis - Dystonic drug reaction - Genetic or likely genetic cervical dystonia - Hydrocephalus** - Myelitis - Arachnoid cyst - Arnold–Chiari malformation - Pseudotumor cerebri | 46 (3.3) 34 (73.9) 3 (6.5) 2 (4.3) 2 (4.3) 2 (4.3) 1 (2.2) 1 (2.2) 1 (2.2) |
Congenital - Muscular torticollis - Postural deformation/plagiocephaly - Klippel–Feil syndrome | 35 (2.5) 27 (77.2) 5 (14.3) 3 (8.6) |
Oncologic - Spinal/brain stem tumor - Langherans cell histiocytosis - Posterior fossa tumor - Bone tumor - Glioma - Giant cell granuloma of the mandible | 17 (1.2) 5 (29.4) 4 (23.5) 3 (17.7) 2 (11.8) 2 (11.8) 1 (5.9) |
Other Ocular - Strabismus Osteo-articular - Acute intervertebral disk calcification - Fibromyalgia - Idiopathic juvenile arthritis - Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis Psychogenic - Psychic disturbance Miscellanea - Vertebral angioma - PTLD*** - Sickle cell disease | 20 (1.4) 6 (30) 3 (15) 2 (10) 2 (10) 1 (5) 3 (15) 1 (5) 1 (5) 1 (5) |